ដក​ស្រង់​ចេញ​ពី​ឯកសារ​ជា​ផ្លូវការ​របស់​មូលនិធិ Django

The most important part of a model – and the only required part of a model – is the list of database fields it defines. Fields are specified by class attributes. Be careful not to choose field names that conflict with the models API like clean, save, or delete.

from django.db import models

class Musician(models.Model):
    first_name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
    last_name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
    instrument = models.CharField(max_length=100)

class Album(models.Model):
    artist = models.ForeignKey(Musician, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
    release_date = models.DateField()
    num_stars = models.IntegerField()

Each field in your model should be an instance of the appropriate Field class. Django uses the field class types to determine a few things:

• The column type, which tells the database what kind of data to store (e.g. INTEGER, VARCHAR, TEXT).
• The default HTML widget to use when rendering a form field (e.g. <input type="text">, <select>).
• The minimal validation requirements, used in Django’s admin and in automatically-generated forms.

Django ships with dozens of built-in field types; you can find the complete list in the model field reference. You can easily write your own fields if Django’s built-in ones don’t do the trick; see Writing custom model fields.

Each field takes a certain set of field-specific arguments (documented in the model field reference). For example, CharField (and its subclasses) require a max_length argument which specifies the size of the VARCHAR database field used to store the data.

There’s also a set of common arguments available to all field types. All are optional. They’re fully explained in the reference, but here’s a quick summary of the most often-used ones:

null 

If True, Django will store empty values as NULL in the database. Default is False.

blank

If True, the field is allowed to be blank. Default is False.

Note that this is different than null. null is purely database-related, whereas blank is validation-related. If a field has blank=True, form validation will allow entry of an empty value. If a field has blank=False, the field will be required.

choices 

A sequence of 2-tuples to use as choices for this field. If this is given, the default form widget will be a select box instead of the standard text field and will limit choices to the choices given.

YEAR_IN_SCHOOL_CHOICES = [
    ('FR', 'Freshman'),
    ('SO', 'Sophomore'),
    ('JR', 'Junior'),
    ('SR', 'Senior'),
    ('GR', 'Graduate'),
]

The first element in each tuple is the value that will be stored in the database. The second element is displayed by the field’s form widget.

Given a model instance, the display value for a field with choices can be accessed using the get_FOO_display() method. For example:

from django.db import models

class Person(models.Model):
    SHIRT_SIZES = (
        ('S', 'Small'),
        ('M', 'Medium'),
        ('L', 'Large'),
    )
    name = models.CharField(max_length=60)
    shirt_size = models.CharField(max_length=1, choices=SHIRT_SIZES)

>>> p = Person(name="Fred Flintstone", shirt_size="L")
>>> p.save()
>>> p.shirt_size
'L'
>>> p.get_shirt_size_display()
'Large'

You can also use enumeration classes to define choices in a concise way:

from django.db import models

class Runner(models.Model):
    MedalType = models.TextChoices('MedalType', 'GOLD SILVER BRONZE')
    name = models.CharField(max_length=60)
    medal = models.CharField(blank=True, choices=MedalType.choices, max_length=10)

default 

The default value for the field. This can be a value or a callable object. If callable it will be called every time a new object is created.

help_text Extra 

“help” text to be displayed with the form widget. It’s useful for documentation even if your field isn’t used on a form.

primary_key 

If True, this field is the primary key for the model.

If you don’t specify primary_key=True for any fields in your model, Django will automatically add an IntegerField to hold the primary key, so you don’t need to set primary_key=True on any of your fields unless you want to override the default primary-key behavior. For more, see Automatic primary key fields.

The primary key field is read-only. If you change the value of the primary key on an existing object and then save it, a new object will be created alongside the old one. For example:

from django.db import models

class Fruit(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=100, primary_key=True)

>>> fruit = Fruit.objects.create(name='Apple')
>>> fruit.name = 'Pear'
>>> fruit.save()
>>> Fruit.objects.values_list('name', flat=True)
<QuerySet ['Apple', 'Pear']>

unique 

If True, this field must be unique throughout the table.

Again, these are just short descriptions of the most common field options. Full details can be found in the common model field option reference.

By default, Django gives each model an auto-incrementing primary key with the type specified per app in AppConfig.default_auto_field or globally in the DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD setting. For example:

id = models.BigAutoField(primary_key=True)

If you’d like to specify a custom primary key, specify primary_key=True on one of your fields. If Django sees you’ve explicitly set Field.primary_key, it won’t add the automatic id column.

ach model requires exactly one field to have primary_key=True (either explicitly declared or automatically added).

Each field type, except for ForeignKey, ManyToManyField and OneToOneField, takes an optional first positional argument – a verbose name. If the verbose name isn’t given, Django will automatically create it using the field’s attribute name, converting underscores to spaces.

In this example, the verbose name is "person's first name":

first_name = models.CharField("person's first name", max_length=30)

In this example, the verbose name is "first name":

first_name = models.CharField(max_length=30)

ForeignKey, ManyToManyField and OneToOneField require the first argument to be a model class, so use the verbose_name keyword argument:

poll = models.ForeignKey(
    Poll,
    on_delete=models.CASCADE,
    verbose_name="the related poll",
)
sites = models.ManyToManyField(Site, verbose_name="list of sites")
place = models.OneToOneField(
    Place,
    on_delete=models.CASCADE,
    verbose_name="related place",
)

The convention is not to capitalize the first letter of the verbose_name. Django will automatically capitalize the first letter where it needs to.